EP2368648A1 - Method for reforming rods, profiles and/or tubes with a pull force and a counteracting force - Google Patents

Method for reforming rods, profiles and/or tubes with a pull force and a counteracting force Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2368648A1
EP2368648A1 EP11159729A EP11159729A EP2368648A1 EP 2368648 A1 EP2368648 A1 EP 2368648A1 EP 11159729 A EP11159729 A EP 11159729A EP 11159729 A EP11159729 A EP 11159729A EP 2368648 A1 EP2368648 A1 EP 2368648A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drawing tool
tool
drawn
forming
drawn material
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11159729A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Petra Bültmann-Steffin
Ralf Wagner
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BL Chemie GmbH and Co KG
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BL Chemie GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BL Chemie GmbH and Co KG filed Critical BL Chemie GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP2368648A1 publication Critical patent/EP2368648A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/02—Drawing metal wire or like flexible metallic material by drawing machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by drums
    • B21C1/12—Regulating or controlling speed of drawing drums, e.g. to influence tension; Drives; Stop or relief mechanisms
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21C—MANUFACTURE OF METAL SHEETS, WIRE, RODS, TUBES OR PROFILES, OTHERWISE THAN BY ROLLING; AUXILIARY OPERATIONS USED IN CONNECTION WITH METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL
    • B21C1/00—Manufacture of metal sheets, metal wire, metal rods, metal tubes by drawing
    • B21C1/16—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes
    • B21C1/18—Metal drawing by machines or apparatus in which the drawing action is effected by other means than drums, e.g. by a longitudinally-moved carriage pulling or pushing the work or stock for making metal sheets, bars, or tubes from stock of limited length

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for forming drawn objects, in particular rods, profiles and / or pipes by a drawing tool with a pulling force and a counterforce.
  • the aim of the invention is, starting from the known forming methods by pulling with pulling forces and Jacobyak whon to propose a method with the further forming is possible.
  • the drawing material entering the drawing tool and / or drawing material leaving the tool is higher than the yield strength of the drawn material.
  • incoming drawn material is understood to mean the drawn, which is located in front of the drawing tool and is still transformed by means of the drawing.
  • the drawn is understood, which is located behind the drawing tool and has already been transformed by the drawing tool.
  • the deformation thus takes place in the inventive method not only by the forming forces absorbed by the drawing tool but also before and / or behind the drawing tool by the tensile stresses present in the drawn material above the yield strength. These forming operations together lead to the deformation of the drawn material.
  • the stresses in the expiring from the drawing tool or in the Ziehgut after forming behind the drawing tool are mainly or exclusively aligned in the longitudinal direction of the drawn material.
  • the tensile stresses in the incoming and / or outgoing drawn material are adjusted so that there is no breakage of the incoming or outgoing drawn material.
  • the set tensile stresses are thus advantageously smaller than the tensile strength of the drawn material.
  • the method of the invention may also be used to reform tubes drawn over a flying or fixed plug or mandrel. By pulling with a counter pull, it can be ensured during plug or mandrel pulling that no or at least no substantial deterioration of the eccentricity of the tube occurs during an expansion pull.
  • one or more selected length dimensions are detected directly behind the drawing tool, preferably by means of one or more sensors.
  • the one or more determined lengths are advantageously fed to a controller that is suitable and arranged to control one or more of the selected length measures.
  • a predetermined nominal value of the length dimension (s) shall be achieved.
  • the regulation of the selected length measure (s) is done by changing the pulling force and / or the counterforce, advantageously by changing the counterforce.
  • the manipulated variable can therefore advantageously be the counterforce. Also more manipulated variables are conceivable.
  • the controller, one of the controllers or the controllers can be state controllers with an observer.
  • the controlled variable is or are the length measures to be controlled.
  • other physical sizes of the drawn material could also be regulated.
  • the drawing tool can be moved from a normal position in a deflected position.
  • the drawing tool then have, when a passage direction of the drawn material by the drawing tool, a movement direction of it incoming drawn material and / or a direction of movement of the outgoing goods coincide.
  • the deflection movement can be directed transversely to the direction of passage of the drawn material by the drawing tool.
  • the drawing tool can one or the normal position to be rotated.
  • the rotation can take place about an axis transverse to a direction of passage of the drawn material through the drawing tool.
  • the drawing method according to the invention can be carried out with a drawing machine in which a first end of the drawn material can be clamped in a stationary clamping means. The second end of the drawn material can be clamped in a movable clamping means.
  • the movable chuck is connected to a first drive which can apply a force in the pull direction to the movable chuck.
  • a drawing tool is arranged through which the clamped with its ends to be pulled out.
  • the drawing tool is movable and can be acted upon by a second drive in the pulling direction with a force.
  • the first drive is preferably designed and adjustable so that a tensile stress above the yield strength can be set in the outgoing drawn material.
  • a tensile stress above the yield strength can be set in the outgoing drawn material.

Abstract

The method involves deforming the drawing equipment by the deforming force resulting from the drawing force and the counteracting force in a drawing tool. The drawing force and the counteracting force are so selected that the tensile strength is higher in the drawing equipment running in and out of the tool than the tensile elastic limit of the drawing equipment. The drawing equipment is deformed before entering into the drawing tool or after leaving the drawing tool.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Umformen von Ziehgütern, insbesondere von Stangen, Profilen und/oder Rohren durch ein Ziehwerkzeug mit einer Ziehkraft und einer Gegenkraft.The present invention relates to a method for forming drawn objects, in particular rods, profiles and / or pipes by a drawing tool with a pulling force and a counterforce.

Aus dem Stand-der Technik sind verschiedene Verfahren zum Ziehen mit einer Ziehkraft und einer Gegenkraft bekannt. Beispielhaft wird auf die Druckschriften DE 34 01 075 A1 , DE 34 01 075 C2 und DE 21 31 874 B2 hingewiesen. In diesen Druckschriften sind auch verschiede Effekte, insbesondere Vorteile des Ziehens mit Gegenzug beschrieben.From the prior art, various methods for drawing with a pulling force and a counter force are known. By way of example, reference is made to the documents DE 34 01 075 A1 . DE 34 01 075 C2 and DE 21 31 874 B2 pointed. These publications also describe various effects, in particular advantages of pulling with return.

Ziel der Erfindung ist es, ausgehend von den bekannten Umformverfahren durch Ziehen mit Ziehkräften und Gegenzugkräften ein Verfahren vorzuschlagen mit dem ein weiteres Umformen möglich ist.The aim of the invention is, starting from the known forming methods by pulling with pulling forces and Gegenzugkräften to propose a method with the further forming is possible.

Erfindungsgemäß wird vorgeschlagen, die Ziehkraft und/oder die Gegenkraft so zu wählen, dass die Zugspannung im in das Ziehwerkzeug einlaufenden Ziehgut und/oder aus dem Werkzeug auslaufenden Ziehgut höher ist als die Streckgrenze des Ziehgutes. Als einlaufendes Ziehgut wird dabei das Ziehgut verstanden, das sich vor dem Ziehwerkzeug befindet und mittels dem Ziehwerk noch umgeformt wird. Als auslaufendes Ziehgut wird das Ziehgut verstanden, das sich hinter dem Ziehwerkzeug befindet und bereits vom Ziehwerkzeug umgeformt wurde. Dadurch wird da Ziehgut auch vor dem Eintritt und/oder nach dem Verlassen des Ziehwerkszeuges so beansprucht, dass es plastisch verformt wird. Die Umformung findet also beim erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren nicht nur durch die vom Ziehwerkzeug aufgenommenen Umformkräfte sondern auch vor und/oder hinter dem Ziehwerkzeug durch die im Ziehgut vorliegenden Zugspannungen oberhalb der Streckgrenze statt. Diese Umformvorgänge führen zusammen zur Umformung des Ziehgutes. Die Spannungen im aus dem Ziehwerkzeug auslaufenden Ziehguts oder in dem Ziehgut nach dem Umformung hinter dem Ziehwerkzeug sind überwiegend oder ausschließlich in Längsrichtung des Ziehgutes ausgerichtet.According to the invention, it is proposed to select the pulling force and / or the opposing force so that the tensile stress in the drawing material entering the drawing tool and / or drawing material leaving the tool is higher than the yield strength of the drawn material. As incoming drawn material is understood to mean the drawn, which is located in front of the drawing tool and is still transformed by means of the drawing. As expiring Ziehgut the drawn is understood, which is located behind the drawing tool and has already been transformed by the drawing tool. As a result, since the drawn material is claimed so before the entry and / or after leaving the drawing tool that it is plastically deformed. The deformation thus takes place in the inventive method not only by the forming forces absorbed by the drawing tool but also before and / or behind the drawing tool by the tensile stresses present in the drawn material above the yield strength. These forming operations together lead to the deformation of the drawn material. The stresses in the expiring from the drawing tool or in the Ziehgut after forming behind the drawing tool are mainly or exclusively aligned in the longitudinal direction of the drawn material.

Die Zugspannungen im einlaufenden und/oder im auslaufenden Ziehgut werden so eingestellt, dass es nicht zu einem Bruch des einlaufenden bzw. auslaufenden Ziehguts kommt. Die eingestellten Zugspannungen sind also vorteilhaft kleiner als die Zugfestigkeit des Ziehgutes.The tensile stresses in the incoming and / or outgoing drawn material are adjusted so that there is no breakage of the incoming or outgoing drawn material. The set tensile stresses are thus advantageously smaller than the tensile strength of the drawn material.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren kann auch dazu benutzt werden um Rohre umzuformen, die über einen fliegenden oder feststehenden Stopfen oder Dorn gezogen werden. Durch das Ziehen mit Gegenzug kann beim Stopfen- bzw. Dornziehen dafür gesorgt werden, dass bei einem Aufweitzug zu keiner oder wenigstens keiner wesentlichen Verschlechterung der Exzentrizität des Rohres kommt.The method of the invention may also be used to reform tubes drawn over a flying or fixed plug or mandrel. By pulling with a counter pull, it can be ensured during plug or mandrel pulling that no or at least no substantial deterioration of the eccentricity of the tube occurs during an expansion pull.

Vorteilhaft wird oder werden unmittelbar hinter dem Ziehwerkzeug vorzugsweise mittels eines oder mehrerer Sensoren ein oder mehrere ausgewählte Längenmaße (Breite, Durchmesser, Tiefen von Nuten, ...) erfasst. Das oder die erfassten Längemaße werden vorteilhaft einem Regler zugeführt, der geeignet und eingerichtet ist, eines oder mehrere der ausgewählten Längenmaße zu regeln. Durch das Regeln soll ein vorbestimmter Sollwert des oder der Längenmaße erreicht werden. Das Regeln des oder der ausgewählten Längenmaße erfolgt durch ein Ändern der Ziehkraft und/oder der Gegenkraft, vorteilhaft durch ein Ändern der Gegenkraft. Die Stellgröße kann also vorteilhaft die Gegenkraft sein. Auch weitere Stellgrößen sind denkbar. Durch diese Regelung von einem oder mehreren ausgewähltenAdvantageously, one or more selected length dimensions (width, diameter, depths of grooves, etc.) are detected directly behind the drawing tool, preferably by means of one or more sensors. The one or more determined lengths are advantageously fed to a controller that is suitable and arranged to control one or more of the selected length measures. By means of the rules, a predetermined nominal value of the length dimension (s) shall be achieved. The regulation of the selected length measure (s) is done by changing the pulling force and / or the counterforce, advantageously by changing the counterforce. The manipulated variable can therefore advantageously be the counterforce. Also more manipulated variables are conceivable. Through this scheme of one or more selected

Längenrnaßen kann eine hohe Maßhaltigkeit der ausgewählten Längenmaße erreicht werden.Langrnaßen a high dimensional accuracy of the selected length dimensions can be achieved.

Es kann von Vorteil sein, Längenmaße oder andere Eigenschaften des Ziehgutes vor dem Einlaufen des Ziehgutes in das Ziehwerkzeug zu erfassen und dem Regler und/oder einem anderen Regler zuzuführen.It may be advantageous to detect length measures or other properties of the drawn material prior to entry of the drawn material into the drawing tool and to supply it to the controller and / or another controller.

Ferner kann von Vorteil sein, Längenmaße oder andere Eigenschaften des Ziehgutes vor dem Umformen des Ziehgutes durch Zugspannungen oberhalb der Streckgrenze vor dem Ziehwerkzeug zu erfassen und dem Regler und/oder einem anderen Regler zuzuführen.Furthermore, it may be advantageous to detect length dimensions or other properties of the drawn material before the forming of the drawn material by tensile stresses above the yield strength before the drawing tool and supply the controller and / or another controller.

Der Regler, einer der Regler oder die Regler können Zustandregler mit einem Beobachter sein. Die Regelgröße ist bzw. sind die zu regelnden Längenmaße. Gegebenenfalls könnten auch noch andere physikalische Größen des Ziehgutes geregelt werden.The controller, one of the controllers or the controllers can be state controllers with an observer. The controlled variable is or are the length measures to be controlled. Optionally, other physical sizes of the drawn material could also be regulated.

Während des Umformens des Ziehgutes durch die sich im Ziehwerkzeug ergebenden Umformkräfte kann das Ziehwerkzeug aus einer Normalposition in einer ausgelenkte Position bewegt werden.During the forming of the drawn material by the forming forces resulting in the drawing tool, the drawing tool can be moved from a normal position in a deflected position.

Eine Normalposition kann das Ziehwerkzeug dann haben, wenn eine Durchtrittsrichtung des Ziehgutes durch das Ziehwerkzeug, eine Bewegungsrichtung es einlaufenden Ziehgutes und/oder eine Bewegungsrichtung des auslaufenden Gutes zusammenfallen.A normal position, the drawing tool then have, when a passage direction of the drawn material by the drawing tool, a movement direction of it incoming drawn material and / or a direction of movement of the outgoing goods coincide.

Die Auslenkbewegung kann quer zu der Durchtrittsrichtung des Ziehgutes durch das Ziehwerkzeug gerichtet sein.The deflection movement can be directed transversely to the direction of passage of the drawn material by the drawing tool.

Während des Umformens des Ziehgutes durch die sich im Ziehwerkzeug ergebenden Umformkräfte kann das Ziehwerkzeug aus einer bzw. der Normalposition gedreht werden. Die Drehung kann um eine Achse quer zu einer Durchtrittsrichtung des Ziehgutes durch das Ziehwerkzeug erfolgen.During the forming of the drawn material by the forming forces resulting in the drawing tool, the drawing tool can one or the normal position to be rotated. The rotation can take place about an axis transverse to a direction of passage of the drawn material through the drawing tool.

Das erfindungsgemäße Ziehverfahren kann mit einer Ziehmaschine durchgeführt werden, bei dem ein ersten Ende des Ziehguts in einem feststehenden Einspannmittel einspannbar ist. Das zweite Ende des Ziehguts ist in einem beweglichen Einspannmittel einspannbar. Das bewegliche Einspannmittel ist mit einem ersten Antrieb verbunden, der das bewegliche Einspannmittel mit einer Kraft in die Ziehrichtung beaufschlagen kann. Zwischen dem feststehenden und dem beweglichen Einspanmittel ist ein Ziehwerkzeug angeordnet, durch welches das mit seinen Enden eingespannte Ziehgut geführt ist. Auch das Ziehwerkzeug ist beweglich und kann durch einen zweiten Antrieb in Ziehrichtung mit einer Kraft beaufschlagt werden. Durch den ersten Antrieb werden Zugspannungen im aus dem Werkzeug auslaufenden Ziehgut erzeugt, während durch den zweiten Antrieb Zugkräfte in dem in das Werkzeug einlaufenden Gut erzeugt werden. Beide Antriebe sorgen für die für die Umformung im Ziehwerkzeug notwendigen Kräfte.The drawing method according to the invention can be carried out with a drawing machine in which a first end of the drawn material can be clamped in a stationary clamping means. The second end of the drawn material can be clamped in a movable clamping means. The movable chuck is connected to a first drive which can apply a force in the pull direction to the movable chuck. Between the fixed and the movable Einspanmittel a drawing tool is arranged through which the clamped with its ends to be pulled out. Also, the drawing tool is movable and can be acted upon by a second drive in the pulling direction with a force. By the first drive tensile stresses are generated in the expiring from the tool drawing stock, while tensile forces are generated in the incoming material in the tool by the second drive. Both drives provide the necessary forces for forming in the drawing tool forces.

Der erste Antrieb ist vorzugsweise so ausgelegt und einstellbar, dass im auslaufenden Ziehgut eine Zugspannung oberhalb der Streckgrenze eingestellt werden kann. Damit ist neben der Umformung im Ziehwerkzeug eine weitere Umformung hinter dem Ziehwerkzeug möglich.The first drive is preferably designed and adjustable so that a tensile stress above the yield strength can be set in the outgoing drawn material. Thus, in addition to the forming in the drawing tool further transformation behind the drawing tool is possible.

Claims (6)

Verfahren zum Umformen von Ziehgütern, insbesondere von Stangen, Profilen und/oder Rohren durch ein Ziehwerkzeug mit einer Ziehkraft und-einer Gegenkraft, wobei in einem Schritt das Ziehgut durch die sich in einem Ziehwerkzeug aus der Ziehkraft und der Gegenkraft ergebenden Umformkräfte umgeformt wird,
dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass
die Ziehkraft und/oder die Gegenkraft so gewählt wird, dass im in das Werkzeug einlaufenden Ziehgut und/oder im aus dem Werkzeug auslaufenden Ziehgut eine Zugspannung höher ist als eine Streckgrenze des Ziehgutes, wodurch das Ziehgut vor dem Eintreten in das Ziehwerkzeug und/oder nach dem Verlassen des Ziehwerkszeuges in einem weiteren Schritt bzw. in weiteren Schritten verformt wird.Method for forming drawn objects, in particular rods, profiles and / or pipes by a drawing tool with a pulling force and a counterforce, wherein in one step, the drawn material is formed by the forming forces resulting in a drawing tool from the pulling force and the counterforce,
characterized in that
the pulling force and / or the counterforce is selected so that in the running into the tool drawing stock and / or in the expiring from the tool drawing a tensile stress is higher than a yield strength of the drawn, whereby the drawn before entering the drawing tool and / or after is deformed leaving the drawing tool in a further step or in further steps. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 , dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass vor und/oder hinter dem Ziehwerkzeug ein oder mehrere ausgewählte Längenmaße erfasst werden, das oder die wenigstens einem Regler zugeführt werden, der geeignet und eingerichtet ist, eines oder mehrere der ausgewählten Längenmaße zu regeln.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that one or more selected length measurements are detected in front of and / or behind the drawing tool, which or at least one controller are supplied, which is suitable and arranged to regulate one or more of the selected length measures. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während des Umformens des Ziehgutes durch die sich im Ziehwerkzeug ergebenden Umformkräfte das Ziehwerkzeug aus einer Normalposition in einer ausgelenkte Position bewegt wird.A method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that during the forming of the drawn material by the forming forces resulting in the drawing tool, the drawing tool is moved from a normal position in a deflected position. Verfahren nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bewegung quer zu einer Durchtrittsrichtung des Ziehgutes durch das Ziehwerkzeug gerichtet ist.A method according to claim 3, characterized in that the movement is directed transversely to a passage direction of the drawn material by the drawing tool. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass während des Umformens des Ziehgutes durch die sich im Ziehwerkzeug ergebenden Umformkräfte das Ziehwerkzeug aus einer bzw. der Normalposition gedreht wird.Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that during the forming of the drawn material by the forming forces resulting in the drawing tool, the drawing tool is rotated from one or the normal position. Verfahren nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Drehung um eine Achse quer zu einer Durchtrittsrichtung des Ziehgutes durch das Ziehwerkzeug erfolgt.A method according to claim 5, characterized in that the rotation takes place about an axis transverse to a direction of passage of the drawn material by the drawing tool.
EP11159729A 2010-03-26 2011-03-25 Method for reforming rods, profiles and/or tubes with a pull force and a counteracting force Withdrawn EP2368648A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102010013078 2010-03-26

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EP2368648A1 true EP2368648A1 (en) 2011-09-28

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Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB281364A (en) * 1926-08-26 1927-11-28 William Clayton Coryell Improvements in or relating to the art of working metal
US2138126A (en) * 1935-06-03 1938-11-29 Frank H Smith Method of and apparatus for drawing wire
GB646469A (en) * 1948-01-19 1950-11-22 Egon Orowan Process and equipment for producing sheet and strip by die-stretching
DE1225131B (en) * 1955-05-31 1966-09-22 Vernon R Powell Method and device for producing pipes
US3668916A (en) * 1970-01-19 1972-06-13 Wean Ind Inc Drawing of metal tubing
DE2131874B2 (en) 1971-06-26 1978-10-05 Benteler-Werke Ag Werk Neuhaus, 4794 Schloss Neuhaus Device for reducing pipe strings
DE3401075A1 (en) 1984-01-13 1985-07-25 Gosudarstvennyj naučno-issledovatel'skij proektnyj i konstruktorskij institut splavov i obrabotki cvetnych metallov "Giprocvetmetobrabotka", Moskau/Moskva Method for drawing products with back pull and a drawing machine for carrying out the method

Patent Citations (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB281364A (en) * 1926-08-26 1927-11-28 William Clayton Coryell Improvements in or relating to the art of working metal
US2138126A (en) * 1935-06-03 1938-11-29 Frank H Smith Method of and apparatus for drawing wire
GB646469A (en) * 1948-01-19 1950-11-22 Egon Orowan Process and equipment for producing sheet and strip by die-stretching
DE1225131B (en) * 1955-05-31 1966-09-22 Vernon R Powell Method and device for producing pipes
US3668916A (en) * 1970-01-19 1972-06-13 Wean Ind Inc Drawing of metal tubing
DE2131874B2 (en) 1971-06-26 1978-10-05 Benteler-Werke Ag Werk Neuhaus, 4794 Schloss Neuhaus Device for reducing pipe strings
DE3401075A1 (en) 1984-01-13 1985-07-25 Gosudarstvennyj naučno-issledovatel'skij proektnyj i konstruktorskij institut splavov i obrabotki cvetnych metallov "Giprocvetmetobrabotka", Moskau/Moskva Method for drawing products with back pull and a drawing machine for carrying out the method
DE3401075C2 (en) 1984-01-13 1988-07-21 Gosudarstvennyj Naucno-Issledovatel'skij Proektnyj I Konstruktorskij Institut Splavov I Obrabotki Cvetnych Metallov "Giprocvetmetobrabotka", Moskau/Moskva, Su

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